6 Types of Piston Compressors and Choosing the One that's Right for You

Reciprocating compressors, which are also referred to as piston compressors, are utilized across a broad range of industries, such as auto ancillaries, wood working, diving, dentistry, automotive repair more.

While extremely beneficial, it’s crucial to find the right type of reciprocating compressor for your application. Hence, we’ve covered the different types of reciprocating compressors and how to choose the right one for you. Before we get started, let’s go over some basics. 

A reciprocating air compressor is a positive displacement compressor that uses a piston’s reciprocating motion to compress air. It operates by drawing air through an intake valve, compressing it in a cylinder, and then storing it in a tank. These compressors are prevalent in manufacturing, automotive repair, and construction, known for their high-pressure output and burst delivery capability.

Reciprocating air compressors are versatile, suitable for low and high-pressure tasks, and are relatively straightforward to maintain. They can be powered by electricity or gasoline engines. However, they tend to be noisy and produce significant heat. Regular maintenance is necessary to keep the piston, cylinder, and valves functioning correctly.

Your specific requirements will determine whether you use a lubricated or oil-free reciprocating compressor.

Lubricated compressors use oil to protect the piston from damage and maintain compression efficiency. They require frequent maintenance checks and regular oil changes. Additional air filtration is necessary to prevent oil contamination in downstream processes.

Oil-free compressors have a pre-lubricated compression element, negating the need for oil. They demand less routine maintenance but may require more significant repairs and have a shorter lifespan. They are also noisier.

Lubricated compressors are ideal for frequent use, while oil-free models are preferred in industries like food processing and pharmaceuticals, where air purity is paramount.

1. Single-stage reciprocating air compressor
   • Operates with the piston compressing air on one side, offering a range of pressure and capacity options.
2. Double-stage reciprocating air compressor
   • Features two compression cycles per revolution, known for its durability but less common due to size.
3. Diaphragm compressors
   • Uses a membrane instead of a cylinder, reducing contamination and leakage risks.
4. Tandem piston compressors
   • Contains multiple pistons on a single rod, often used in double-acting compressors.
5. V-shaped compressors
   • Air-cooled with a unique 90° displacement for improved torque and balance.
6. In-line compressors
   • Here the cylinders are arranged in a straight line; suitable for fluctuating pressure demands.